R for Windows FAQ

Version for R-2.4.0

B. D. Ripley and D. J. Murdoch

Table of Contents


1 Introduction

This FAQ is for the Windows port of R: it describes features specific to that version. The main R FAQ can be found at

     http://CRAN.R-project.org/doc/FAQ/R-FAQ.html.

The information here applies only to recent versions of R for Windows, (2.3.0 or later).


2 Installation and Usage

2.1 Where can I find the latest version?

Go to any CRAN site (see http://cran.r-project.org/mirrors.html for a list), navigate to the bin/windows/base directory and collect the file(s) you need. The current release is distributed as an installer R-2.4.0-win32.exe of about 28Mb. This contains all the components and allows as complete as installation as you choose.

There are also links on that page to the r-patched and r-devel snapshots. These are frequently updated builds of development versions of R. The r-patched build includes bug fixes to the current release, and r-devel contains these as well as changes that will eventually make it into the next x.y.0 release.

2.2 How do I install R for Windows?

You need Windows 95 or later. There is no specific version for Windows 64, but the standard 32-bit version has been proven to work. Some features only work on an NT-based version of Windows (and some work better on such an OS). We do minimally test releases on Windows 98 and occasionally on NT4, but only test thoroughly on XP and later.

Your file system must allow case-honouring long file names (as is likely except perhaps for some network-mounted systems). A full installation takes up about 60Mb of disk space and a minimal one less than 20Mb.

If you want to be able to build packages from sources, we recommend that you choose an installation path not containing spaces. (Using a path with spaces in will probably work, but is little-tested.)

To install use R-2.4.0-win32.exe. Just double-click on the icon and follow the instructions. If you installed R this way you can uninstall it from the Control Panel or Start Menu (unless you suppressed making a group for R).

Choose a working directory for R. You will have a shortcut to R-2.4.0\bin\Rgui.exe on your desktop and/or somewhere on the Start menu file tree, and perhaps also in the Quick Launch bar. Right-click each shortcut, select Properties... and change the `Start in' field to your working directory.

You may also want to add command-line arguments at the end of the Target field (after any final double quote), for example --sdi --max-mem-size=1Gb. You can also set environment variables at the end of the Target field, for example R_LIBS=p:/myRlib, and if you want to ensure that menus and messages are in (American) English, LANGUAGE=en.

It is also possible to install from an MSI file, which will be of interest only for sysadmins. For how to build an MSI file, see the `R Installation and Administration Manual'.

2.3 How do I check an installation is not corrupt?

Run the program bin\md5check.exe. This compares checksums on all the installed files with those put into the installer, and will report any changed or missing files.

(It only works if R was installed from the Inno Setup installer.)

2.4 Can I customize the installation?

The normal way to customize the installation is by selecting components from the wizards shown. However, sysadmins might like to install R from scripts, and the following command-line flags are available for use with the installer.

/SILENT
only show the installation progress window and error messages.
/VERYSILENT
only show error messages.
/DIR="x:\dirname"
set the default installation directory
/GROUP="folder name"
set the default Start-menu group name
/COMPONENTS="comma separated list of component names"
set the initial list of components: Components are named main, chtml, html, latex, manuals, refman, libdocs, devel, tcl, mbcs, Rd and trans.

It is also possible to save the settings used to a file and later reload those settings using

/SAVEINF="filename"
save the settings to the specified file. Don't forget to use quotes if the filename contains spaces.
/LOADINF="filename"
instructs the installer to load the settings from the specified file after having checked the command line.

A successful installation has exit code 0: unsuccessful ones may give 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5. See the help for Inno Setup (http://jrsoftware.org/isinfo.php) for details.

We have some facilities for building a customized installer, in particular to add packages to the installer. See the `R Installation and Administration' manual in the subsection `Building the installers'.

2.5 How do I run it?

Just double-click on the shortcut you prepared at installation.

If you want to set up another project, make a new shortcut or use the existing one and change the `Start in' field of the Properties.

You may if you prefer run R from the command line of any shell you use, for example an `MS-DOS window' (Windows 9x/ME), a `Command Prompt' (NT-based versions) or a port of a Unix shell such as tcsh or bash. (The command line can be anything you would put in the Target field of a shortcut, and the starting directory will be the current working directory of the shell.)

2.6 Can I run R from a CD or USB drive?

Yes, with care. A basic R installation is relocatable, so you can burn an image of the R installation on your hard disc or install directly onto a removable storage device such as a flash-memory USB drive. (If you have installed packages into a private library, their absolute paths will appear in the HTML packages list.)

Running R does need access to a writable temporary directory and to a home directory, and in the last resort these are taken to be the current directory. This should be no problem on a properly configured NT-based version of Windows, but otherwise does mean that it may not be possible to run R without creating a shortcut in a writable folder.

2.7 How do I UNinstall R?

Normally you can do this from the R group on the Start Menu or from the Add/Remove Programs in the Control Panel. If it does not appear there or if you want to remove an old version, run unins000.exe in the top-level installation directory. (There should be a separate uninstall item in the R group for each installed version of R.)

Uninstalling R only removes files from the initial installation, not (for example) packages you have installed or updated.

If all else fails, you can just delete the whole directory in which R was installed.

2.8 What's the best way to upgrade?

That's a matter of taste. For most people the best thing to do is to uninstall R (see the previous Q), install the new version, copy any installed packages to the library folder in the new installation, run update.packages() in the new R (`Update packages...' from the Packages menu, if you prefer) and then delete anything left of the old installation. Different versions of R are quite deliberately installed in parallel folders so you can keep old versions around if you wish.

Upgrading from R 1.x.y to R 2.x.y is special as all the packages need to be reinstalled. Rather than copy them across, make a note of their names and re-install them from CRAN.

2.9 There seems to be a limit on the memory it uses!

Indeed there is. It is set by the command-line flag --max-mem-size (see How do I install R for Windows?) and defaults to the smaller of the amount of physical RAM in the machine and 1.5Gb. It can be set to any amount between 32Mb and 3Gb. Be aware though that Windows has (in most versions) a maximum amount of user virtual memory of 2Gb.

Use ?Memory and ?memory.size for information about memory usage. The limit can be raised by calling memory.limit within a running R session.

R can be compiled to use a different memory manager which might be better at using large amounts of memory, but is substantially slower (making R several times slower on some tasks).

The executables Rgui.exe and Rterm.exe support up to 3Gb per process under suitably enabled versions of Windows (see http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/system/platform/server/PAE/PAEmem.mspx: even where this is supported it has to be specifically enabled). On such systems, the default for --max-mem-size is the smaller of the amount of RAM and 2.5Gb.

It is possible that the Windows API calls used will give misleading results on machines with more than 4Gb of physical RAM (and later ones cannot be used as R must run on Windows 2000 and earlier): for safety set --max-mem-size explicitly on such machines.

2.10 How can I keep workspaces for different projects in different directories?

Create a separate shortcut for each project: see Q2.5. All the paths to files used by R are relative to the starting directory, so setting the `Start in' field automatically helps separate projects.

Alternatively, start R by double-clicking on a saved .RData file in the directory for the project you want to use, or drag-and-drop a file with extension .RData onto an R shortcut. In either case, the working directory will be set to that containing the file.

2.11 How do I print from R?

It depends what you want to print.

2.12 Can I use R CMD BATCH?

Yes: use R CMD BATCH --help or ?BATCH for full details.

You can set also up a batch file using Rterm.exe. A sample batch file might contain (as one line)

     path_to_R\bin\Rterm.exe --no-restore --no-save < %1 > %1.out 2>&1

The purpose of 2>&1 is to redirect warnings and errors to the same file as normal output, and users of Windows 95/98/ME's default command.com `shell' will need to omit it. (That program has no means to redirect stderr, and Rterm.exe sends warnings and errors to the normal output file on such systems.)

2.13 Can I use R-2.4.0 with ESS and (X)emacs?

Yes. Recent versions of ESS (e.g. 5.2.x) come with support for this version of R, and there is support for interrupting the R process from ESS (by C-c C-c).

For help with ESS, please send email to ESS-help@stat.ethz.ch, not the R mailing lists.

2.14 What are HOME and working directories?

Several places in the documentation use these terms.

The working directory is the directory from which Rgui or Rterm was launched, unless a shortcut was used when it is given by the `Start in' field of the shortcut's properties. You can find this from R code by the call getwd().

The home directory is set as follows: If environment variable R_USER is set, its value is used. Otherwise if environment variable HOME is set, its value is used. After those two user-controllable settings, R tries to find system-defined home directories. It first tries to use the Windows "personal" directory (typically C:\Documents and Settings\username\My Documents in Windows XP). If that fails, if both environment variables HOMEDRIVE and HOMEPATH are set (and they normally are under Windows NT/2000/XP/2003), the value is ${HOMEDRIVE}${HOMEPATH}. If all of these fail, the current working directory is used.

You can find this from R code by Sys.getenv("R_USER").

2.15 How do I set environment variables?

Environment variables can be set for Rgui.exe and Rterm.exe in three different ways.

  1. On the command line as name=value pairs. For example in the shortcut to Rgui you could have
              "path_to_R\bin\Rgui.exe" HOME=p:/ R_LIBS=p:/myRlib
         
  2. In an environment file .Renviron in the working directory or your home directory, for example containing the line
              R_LIBS=p:/myRlib
         

    If you have permission to do so, you can also create an environment file etc\Renviron.site and set environmental variables in that file in the same way. This is useful for variables which should be set for all users and all usages of this R installation. (Their values can be overridden in a .Renviron file or on the command line.)

    See ?Startup for more details of environment files, include the site-wide environment file Renviron.site.

  3. For all applications via Windows. How you set an environment variable is system specific: in Windows 9x you can set them in autoexec.bat or in an MS-DOS window from which you launch Rgui / Rterm. Under Windows NT/2000/XP/2003 you can use the control panel or the properties of `My Computer'. Under Windows ME you can use the System Configuration Utility (under Programs, Accessories, System Tools on the Start menu). You may have to log out or reboot for such changes to take effect.

The order of precedence for environmental variables is the order in which these options are listed, that is the command line then .Renviron then the inherited environment.

2.16 R can't find my file, but I know it is there!

How did you specify it? Backslashes have to be doubled in R character strings, so for example one needs "d:\\R-2.4.0\\library\\xgobi\\scripts\\xgobi.bat". You can make life easier for yourself by using forward slashes as path separators: they do work under Windows. You should include the file extension (e.g. "xgobi.bat" rather than just "xgobi"); sometimes this isn't shown in Windows, but it is necessary in R.

A simple way to avoid these problems is to use the function file.choose() to invoke the standard Windows file selection dialog. If you select a file there, the name will be passed to R in the correct format.

Another possible source of grief is spaces in folder names. We have tried to make R work on paths with spaces in, but many people writing packages for Unix do not bother. So it is worth trying the alternative short name (something like PROGRA~1; you can get it as the `MS-DOS name' from the Properties of the file on most versions of Windows, and from dir /X in a Command Prompt window on 2000/XP/2003).

2.17 Does R use the Registry?

No, not when R itself is running.

When you run the R installer, there are options (under `Select Additional Tasks') to `Save version number in registry' and `Associate R with .RData files'.

If you tick the first option, the following string entries are added to the Windows registry:

If you do not have administrative privileges on the machine while running the installer, then the entries are created under the HKEY_CURRENT_USER root.

If you tick the second option (`Associate R with .RData files') and have administrative privileges, then entries are created under HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.RData and HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\RWorkspace.

After installation you can add the Registry entries in HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE by running RSetReg.exe in the bin folder, and remove them by running this with argument /U. Note that this requires administrative privileges and neither sets up nor removes the file associations.

2.18 Does R support automation (OLE, COM)?

Directly, no.

There is a (D)COM server written by Thomas Baier available on CRAN (http://cran.r-project.org/other-software.html) which works with Rproxy.dll (in the R distribution) and R.dll to support transfer of data to and from R and remote execution of R commands, as well as embedding of an R graphics window. An R-Excel interface making use of the (D)COM server is included in the distribution.

Thomas Baier also has a package rcom available on CRAN (in the usual way for a package) to provide COM client and server functionality from within R.

Another (D)COM server is available from http://www.omegahat.org/, which allows R objects to be exported as COM values. That site also has packages RDCOMClient and SWinTypeLibs which allow R to act as a (D)COM client.

2.19 The Internet download functions fail.

for example update.packages() and the menu items on the Packages menu.

We have had several reports of this, although they do work for us on all of our machines. There are two known possible fixes.

(a) Use the alternative internet2.dll by starting R with the flag --internet2 (see How do I install R for Windows?) which uses the Internet Explorer internals (and so needs Internet Explorer 4 or later installed). Note that this does not work with proxies that need authentication.

(b) A proxy needs to be set up: see ?download.file. Here are two versions of an example (a real one, but from a machine that is only available locally) of a command-line in a short cut:

     "path_to_R\bin\Rgui.exe" http_proxy=http://user:pass@gannet:80/
     
     "path_to_R\bin\Rgui.exe" http_proxy=http://gannet/ http_proxy_user=ask

The second version will prompt the user for the proxy username and password when HTTP downloads are first used.

2.20 Entering certain characters crashes Rgui.

This used to happen occasionally, and all the occurrences we have solved have been traced to faulty versions of msvcrt.dll. We have installed a workaround that seems to avoid this. A few other people have discovered this was caused by desktop switcher and keyboard macro programs, for example `Macro Magic' and `JS Pager'.

If it still happens, try extracting the msvcrt.dll to be found in the self-extracting archive ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/softlib/mslfiles/msvcrt.exe and put it in the R-2.4.0\bin directory. Removing msvcrt.dll from that directory reverts to the standard behaviour. It seems that on some versions of Windows (but not 2000/XP/2003) you also need to put the R-2.4.0\bin directory early in your path.

This fix has solved other problems too, for example incorrect results in the date-time functions. However, you are probably better off re-installing Windows.

2.21 What does 'DLL attempted to change FPU control word' mean?

This is a warning which indicates that R has taken action to correct the action of some (non-R) DLL which has just been loaded and has changed the floating point control word (in its initialization code) to a setting incompatible with that needed for R. This is not good practice on the part of the DLL, and often indicates that it needs to be updated. (It was common with DLLs compiled in early versions of Visual C++.)

Unfortunately, because DLLs may load other DLLs it is not possible for R to track which DLL caused the problem.

See also ?dyn.load).

2.22 Other strange crashes.

Some users have found that Rgui.exe fails to start, exiting with a “Floating-point invalid operation” or other low level error. This error may also happen in the middle of a session. In some cases where we have tracked this down, it was due to bugs in the video driver on the system in question: it makes changes to the floating point control word which are incompatible with R. (Good practice would restore the control word to the state it was in when the driver code was called, and R tries hard to correct this before running its own code.) For example, one user reported that the virtual screen manager JSP2 caused this crash.

These errors are essentially impossible for us to fix or work around beyond the measures already taken (which were increased in R 2.3.0). The only solution we know of is for the user to replace the buggy system component that is causing the error.

2.23 Why does R never use more than 50% of my CPU?

This is a misreading of Windows' confusing Task Manager. R's computation is single-threaded, and so it cannot use more than one CPU. What the task manager shows is not the usage in CPUs (as better written utilities do) but the usage as a percentage of the apparent total number of CPUs. We say `apparent' as it treats so-called `hyperthreaded' CPUs as two CPUs even though there is only one physical CPU: dual-core CPUs will also show as two CPUs (which they genuinely are).

Many benchmarks show hyperthreading reduces the overall workload, so you may want to experiment with disabling it.


3 Languages and Internationalization

3.1 The installer does not offer my language.

Two things may be happening. First, only languages which can be displayed using the current codepage are offered so you cannot install in Japanese unless running Windows in Japanese.

Second, only a limited range of languages is supported (but still wider than those for which R has translations), currently Brazilian Portuguese, Catalan, both Simplified and Traditional Chinese, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Slovenian and Spanish (Spain).

3.2 I want R in English (and not in French/Chinese/...)!

The default behaviour of R is to try to run in the language you run Windows in. Apparently some users want Windows in their native language, but not R. To do so, set LANGUAGE=en as discussed in Q2.2 and Q2.15, or in the Rconsole file.

3.3 I want to run R in Chinese/Japanese/Korean.

All recent Windows versions of R support `East Asian' languages (with a suitable version of Windows – e.g. Western installations of Windows XP do not by default have such support).

Both Rterm.exe and RGui.exe support single- and double-width characters. It will be necessary to select suitable fonts in files Rconsole and Rdevga (see ?Rconsole or the comments in the files: the system versions are in the etc folder); in the latter you can replace Arial by Arial Unicode MS, and we tried FixedSys and MS Mincho in Rconsole. (Note that Rdevga only applies to Windows graphics devices and not, say, to pdf.)

You do need to ensure that R is running in a suitable locale: use Sys.getlocale() to find out. (CJK users may be used to their language characters always being available, which is the case for so-called `Unicode' Windows applications. However, R has to run on Windows 9x and is not therefore `Unicode'.) You can find suitable locale names from http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/vccore98/html/_crt_language_and_country_strings.asp: beware that "Chinese" is Traditional Chinese (code page 950, Big5) and "chs" is needed for Simplified Chinese (code page 936, GB2312). Note that this can be rather tricky: on Windows XP there are several places to select the language under the `Regional and Language Options' part of the control panel, and the appropriate language has to be set under both the `Regional Options' and `Advanced' tabs.

When using Rterm the window in which it is run has to be set up to use a suitable font and a suitable codepage (which for the Windows Cmd shell can be done by chcp).

3.4 I selected English for installation but R runs in Chinese.

Precisely, you selected English for installation! The language of the installer has nothing to do with the language used to run R: this is completely standard Windows practice (and necessary as different users of the computer may use different languages).

The language R uses for menus and messages is determined by the locale: please read the appropriate manual (the R Installation and Administration Manual) for the details. You can ensure that R uses English messages by appending LANGUAGE=en to the shortcut you use to start R, or setting it in the Rconsole file.

3.5 I would like to be able to use Japanese fonts.

for example, in the console and to annotate graphs. Similar comments apply to any non-Western European language.

This is possible by setting suitable fonts in the Rconsole and Rdevga configuration files (see Q3.2 and the next Q). You can specify additional fonts in Rdevga, and use them by

     par(font=, font.lab=, font.main=, font.sub=)

Nineteen fonts are specified (as 1 to 19) by default: you can add to these (up to 13 more) or replace them. Also, you can make use of font families in a way similar to other graphics devices: see the examples for windowsFonts.

In addition, the Hershey vector fonts (see ?Hershey, ?Japanese and demo(Japanese)) can be used on any graphics device to display Japanese characters.

To use non-Latin-1 characters in the postscript graphics device, see its help page (which also applies to pdf).

3.6 I don't see characters with accents at the R console, for example in ?text.

You need to specify a font in Rconsole (see Q3.5) that supports the encoding in use, in Western European languages Latin-1. The default font, Courier New, does on our systems, as does FixedSys. This may be a problem in other locales, especially for non-Western European languages.

Support for these characters within Rterm depends on the environment (the terminal window and shell, including locale settings) within which it is run as well as the font used by the terminal window.

If you are using a non-Latin-1 language, you do need to ensure that the fonts you selected support the language. For example, it was found by one Czech user (under Windows 98) that he had to select Times New Roman CE or Courier (not Courier New) to get certain Czech characters displayed correctly.

3.7 The dialog buttons are not translated.

In most cases they actually are, but by Windows. Setting the locale or the LANGUAGE environment variable does not change the Windows setting of its `UI language'. Under (international) Windows XP there are three tabs on the Regional and Language Options applet in the Control Panel. The first tab controls the locale, the second the UI and the third the fonts used for `non-Unicode' programs (but apparently also for Unicode ones in many cases): see Q3.3.

If you have Windows running completely in say French or Chinese these settings are likely to be consistent. However, if you try to run Windows in one language and R in another, you may find the way Windows handles internationalization slightly odd. For further details see http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/intl/nls_0ddl.asp


4 Packages

4.1 Can I install packages into libraries in this version?

Yes, but you will need a lot of tools to do so, unless the author or the maintainers of the bin/windows/contrib section on CRAN have been kind enough to provide a pre-compiled version for Windows as a .zip file.

You can install pre-compiled packages either from CRAN or from a local .zip file by using install.packages: see its help page. There are menu items on the Packages menu to provide a point-and-click interface to package installation. The packages for each minor (2.x) version will be stored in a separate area, so for R 2.4.? the files are in bin/windows/contrib/2.4. You can try those compiled for earlier versions (but not before 2.0.0), at your own risk.

Note that the pre-compiled versions on CRAN are unsupported: see http://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/contrib/ReadMe, which also gives the locations of a few other pre-compiled packages.

If there is not a pre-compiled version or that is not up-to-date or you prefer compiling from source, read the `R Installation and Administration' manual section on `Add-on Packages'. You need to make sure you installed the necessary files, and you will need to collect and install several tools: you can download them via the portal at http://www.murdoch-sutherland.com/Rtools/. Once you have done so, just run R CMD INSTALL pkgname. To check the package (including running all the examples on its help pages and in its test suite, if any) use R CMD check pkgname: see the `Writing R Extensions' manual.

Note that this is rather tricky; please do ensure that you have followed the instructions exactly. At least 90% of the questions asked are because people have not done so.

4.2 I don't have permission to write to the R-2.4.0\library directory.

You can install packages anywhere and use the environment variable R_LIBS (see How do I set environment variables?) to point to the library location(s).

Suppose your packages are installed in p:\myRlib. Then you can EITHER

     set the environment variable R_LIBS to p:\myRlib before starting R

OR use a package by, e.g.

     library(mypkg, lib.loc="p:/myRlib")

4.3 The packages I installed do not appear in the HTML help system.

To update the HTML indices after you have installed a pre-compiled package, run at the R prompt.

     > link.html.help()

This is done automatically when installing from the Packages menu or by install.packages(), and when help.start is run, provided you have write permission in R-2.4.0. If you do not have sufficient permission, you will get warnings and the packages you install will not appear in the list of packages or the search system.

4.4 My functions are not found by the HTML help search system.

The following conditions need to hold for functions in a package you installed.

If those hold, this works for us. Note that if you were unable to update the indices (for which you need write permission in the R-2.4.0 directory), only the functions in packages installed in the main library will be found.

If the help search system does not work at all, this probably indicates that Java support is either not installed or not enabled in your browser. The search page contains a link to the appropriate section in the R Installation and Administration manual.

4.5 Loading a package fails.

Is the package compiled for this version of R? Many of the packages need to be compiled for a fairly recent version.

You can tell the version the package was compiled for by looking at the Built: line in its DESCRIPTION file or at the Version tab of its DLL in the libs directory. (Right-click on the DLL in Windows Explorer and select Version tab of the Properties, or use the DLL.version function inside R.)

4.6 Package TclTk does not work.

For package tcltk to work (try demo(tkdensity) or demo(tkttest) after library(tcltk)) you need to have Tcl installed. This is an optional part of the installation although it is selected by default. If the message is

     Tcl/Tk support files were not installed

the optional files were not installed, and you need to go back to the installer and install them.

Alternatively, if you have the environment variable MY_TCLTK set to a non-empty value, it is assumed that you want to use a different Tcl/Tk 8.4.x installation, and that this is set up correctly (with the DLLs in your path and TCL_LIBRARY set). In that case you do not need the Tcl/Tk support files installed (but they can be). Note that you do need 8.4.x and not 8.3.x. (If you build R from the sources yourself you can configure it to use 8.3.x.)

4.7 Hyperlinks in HTML sometimes do not work.

They may well not work between packages installed in different libraries. This is solved under Unix using symbolic links which Windows does not implement.

With HTML, help.start() fixes up links to the most of the standard packages if it has write permission in the main library tree. Not even these work for Compiled HTML help.

Currently links to the base, datasets, utils, grDevices, graphics, methods and stats packages are fixed.

4.8 update.packages() fails.

You may not be able to update a package which is in use: Windows `locks' the package's DLL when it is loaded. So use update.packages() (or the menu equivalent) in a new session.

If you put library(foo) in your .Rprofile you will need to start R with --vanilla to be able to update package foo. If you set R_DEFAULT_PACKAGES to include foo, you will need to unset it temporarily.

It has been reported that some other software has interfered with the installation process by preventing the renaming of temporary files, Google Desktop being a known example.

4.9 How do I add to the list of repositories?

as shown in the Select repositories... item on the Packages menu?

This reads from the tab-delimited file R_HOME/etc/repositories, which you can edit, or put a modified copy at .R/repositories in your HOME directory (see What are HOME and working directories?).


5 Windows Features

5.1 What should I expect to behave differently from the Unix version of R?

5.2 I hear about some nifty features: please tell me about them!

You have read the file README.R-2.4.0? There are file menus on the R console, pager and graphics windows. You can source and save from those menus, and copy the graphics to png, jpeg, bmp, postscript, PDF or metafile. There are right-click menus giving shortcuts to menu items, and optionally toolbars with buttons giving shortcuts to frequent operations.

If you resize the R console the options(width=) is automatically set to the console width (unless disabled in the configuration file).

The graphics has a history mechanism. As README.R-2.4.0 says:

`The History menu allows the recording of plots. When plots have been recorded they can be reviewed by <PgUp> and <PgDn>, saved and replaced. Recording can be turned on automatically (the Recording item on the list) or individual plots can be added (Add or the <INS> key). The whole plot history can be saved to or retrieved from an R variable in the global environment. The format of recorded plots may change between R versions. Recorded plots should not be used as a permanent storage format for R plots.

There is only one graphics history shared by all the windows devices.'

The R console and graphics windows have configuration files stored in the RHOME\etc directory called Rconsole and Rdevga; you can keep personal copies in your HOME directory. They contain comments which should suffice for you to edit them to your preferences. For more details see ?Rconsole. There is a GUI preferences editor invoked from the Edit menu which can be used to edit the file Rconsole.

5.3 Circles appear as ovals on screen.

The graphics system asks Windows for the number of pixels per inch in the X and Y directions, and uses that to size graphics (which in R are in units of inches). Sometimes the answer is a complete invention, and in any case Windows will not know exactly how the horizontal and vertical size have been set on a CRT. You can specify correct values either in the call to windows or as options: see ?windows. (Typically these are of the order of 100.)

On one of our systems, the screen height was reported as 240mm, and the width as 300mm in 1280 x 1024 mode and 320mm in 1280 x 960 and 1600 x 1200 modes. In fact it is a 21" monitor and 400mm x 300mm!

5.4 How do I move focus to a graphics window or the console?

You may want to do this from within a function, for example when calling identify or readline. Use the function bringToTop(). With its default argument it brings the active graphics window to the top and gives it focus. With argument -1 it brings the console to the top and gives it focus.

This works for Rgui.exe in MDI and SDI modes, and can be used for graphics windows from Rterm.exe (although Windows may not always act on it).


6 Workspaces

6.1 My workspace gets saved in a strange place: how do I stop this?

Have you changed the working directory?: see Q6.2.

6.2 How do I store my workspace in a different place?

Use the `File | Change Dir...' menu item to select a new working directory: this defaults to the last directory you loaded a file from. The workspace is saved in the working directory. You can also save a snapshot of the workspace from the `Save Workspace...' menu item.

From the command line you can change the working directory by the function setwd: see its help page.

6.3 Can I load workspaces saved under Unix/GNU-Linux or MacOS?

Yes. All ports of R use the same format for workspaces, so they are interchangeable (for the same 2.x.? version of R, at least).


7 The R Console

7.1 When using Rgui the output to the console seems to be delayed.

This is deliberate: the console output is buffered and re-written in chunks to be faster and less distracting. You can turn buffering off or on from the `Misc' menu or the right-click menu: <Ctrl-W> toggles the setting.

If you are sourcing R code or writing from a function, there is another option. A call to the R function flush.console() will write out the buffer and so update the console.

7.2 Long lines in the console or pager are truncated.

They only seem to be truncated: that $ at the end indicates you can scroll the window to see the rest of the line. Use the horizontal scrollbar or the <CTRL + left/right arrow> keys to scroll horizontally. (The <left/right arrow> keys work in the pager too.)


8 Building from Source

8.1 How can I compile R from source?

See the `R Installation and Administration' manual.

Note that building under Windows 64 is not supported as no suitable non-commercial compiler is yet available. There is a glimmer of hope that this will change in the not too far distance future: see http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?thread_id=30624855&forum_id=5119. You are of course welcome to try a commercial compiler, but we will not be distributing a port for which users cannot easily add packages.

8.2 Can I use a fast BLAS?

Fast BLAS (Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms, http://www.netlib.org/blas/faq.html) routines are used to speed up numerical linear algebra. There is support in the R sources for the `tuned' BLAS called ATLAS (http://math-atlas.sourceforge.net). The savings can be appreciable: on a 2.6GHz P4 and a 1000 x 1000 matrix svd took 16.2 sec with the standard BLAS and 7.8 sec with ATLAS. Because ATLAS is tuned to a particular chip we can't use it generally: the optimal routines for a P4 or an Athlon XP are quite different and neither will run at all on a PII.

BLAS support is supplied by the single DLL R_HOME\bin\Rblas.dll, and you can add a fast BLAS just by replacing that. Replacements for some of the more common chips are available on CRAN in directory bin/windows/contrib/ATLAS. See the R Installation and Administration Manual for how to build an ATLAS Rblas.dll tuned to your system using the R sources.

An alternative for those building from sources is to use AMD's Core Math Library (ACML) http://www.amd.com/acml (see the R Installation and Administration Manual for details). This does seem to run on a wide range of CPUs at speeds comparable to ATLAS, but the license conditions mean we cannot redistribute it.

8.3 How do I include compiled C code?

We strongly encourage you to do this via building an R package: see the `Writing R Extensions' manual. In any event you should install the parts of the R system for building R packages (installed by default), and get and install the tools (including Perl) and compilers mentioned in the `R Installation and Administration' manual. Then you can use

     ...\bin\R CMD SHLIB foo.c bar.f

to make foo.dll. Use ...\bin\R CMD SHLIB --help for further options, or see ?SHLIB.

If you want to use Visual C++, Borland C++ or other compilers, see the appropriate section in README.packages.

8.4 How do I debug code that I have compiled and dyn.load-ed?

You will need a suitable version of gdb: we normally use that from the Cygwin distribution. Debugging under Windows is often a fraught process, and sometimes does not work at all. If all you need is a just-in-time debugger to catch crashes, consider Dr. Mingw from the mingw-utils bundle on http://www.mingw.org (see also http://jrfonseca.dyndns.org/projects/gnu-win32/software/drmingw/). That will be able to pinpoint the error, most effectively if you build a version of R with debugging information as described below.

First, build a version of the R system with debugging information by

     make clean
     make DEBUG=T

and make a debug version of your package by either

     make pkgclean-mypkg
     make DEBUG=T pkg-mypkg

or

     Rcmd install -c mypkg
     set DEBUG=T
     Rcmd install mypkg

Then you can debug by

     gdb /path/to/R-2.4.0/bin/Rgui.exe

However, note

See http://www.stats.uwo.ca/faculty/murdoch/software/debuggingR/gdb.shtml for some further details.

8.5 How do I include C++ code?

You need to do two things:

(a) Write a wrapper to export the symbols you want to call from R as extern "C".

(b) Include the C++ libraries in the link to make the DLL. Suppose X.cc contains your C++ code, and X_main.cc is the wrapper, as in the example in `Writing R Extensions'. Then build the DLL by (gcc)

     ...\bin\R CMD SHLIB X.cc X_main.cc

or (VC++, which requires extension .cpp)

     cl /MT /c X.cpp X_main.cpp
     link /dll /out:X.dll /export:X_main X.obj X_main.obj

or (Borland C++, which also requires extension .cpp)

     bcc32 -u- -WDE X.cpp X_main.cpp

and call the entry point(s) in X_R, such as X_main. Construction of static variables will occur when the DLL is loaded, and destruction when the DLL is unloaded, usually when R terminates.

Note that you will not see the messages from this example in the GUI console: see the next section.

This example used to be in package cxx_0.0-x.tar.gz in the src/contrib/Devel section on CRAN, and could be compiled as a package in the usual way on Windows.

8.6 The output from my C code disappears. Why?

The Rgui.exe console is a Windows application: writing to stdout or stderr will not produce output in the console. (This will work with Rterm.exe.) Use Rprintf or REprintf instead. These are declared in header file R_ext/PrtUtil.h.

Note that output from the console is delayed (see The output to the console seems to be delayed), so that you will not normally see any output before returning to the R prompt.

8.7 The output from my Fortran code disappears. Why?

Writing to Fortran output writes to a file, not the Rgui console. Use one of the subroutines dblepr, intpr or realpr documented in the `Writing R Extensions' manual.

Note that output from the console is delayed (see The output to the console seems to be delayed), so that you will not normally see any output before returning to the R prompt even when using the xxxpr subroutines.

8.8 The console freezes when my compiled code is running.

The console, pagers and graphics window all run in the same thread as the R engine. To allow the console etc to respond to Windows events, call R_ProcessEvents() periodically from your compiled code. If you want output to be updated on the console, call R_FlushConsole() and then R_ProcessEvents().


Last edited 2006 April 03: comments to Rwindows@r-project.org